Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 45
March – July 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 29-37
DOI https://doi.org/10.31876/er.v6i44.833
Public transportation in the DMQ by geography and
incidence
Transportación pública en el DMQ según su geografía y su incidencia
Guillermo Gorky Reyes Campaña*
Stefano Sebastián Ureña Nuñez*
Santiago Rubén Miranda Jijon*
Received: November 09, 2022
Approved: February 09, 2023
* Automotive Mechanical Engineer, Master's
Degree in Automotive Systems, PhD in Higher
Education, Quito, Ecuador.
gureyesca@uide.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-9509
* Automotive Engineering, Universidad
Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
sturenanu@uide.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-9227-9031
* Automotive Engineering, Universidad
Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
samirandaji@uide.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-0889
Abstract
Excessive traffic and the need to move around have created social,
infrastructure, time and coverage problems due to the value currently
provided by urban transportation. The objective of this study is to
analyze the incidence of public transportation in the DMQ according
to the variable considered geographically and the way in which it
affects fuel consumption. Through a descriptive analysis of the
factors that affect fuel consumption, data was collected from three
transportation routes, each with different geographic characteristics
to determine an average consumption in each route. The fuel
consumption of route 3 (Ofelia/Marín) was determined to be
adequate according to the study, where route 3, with its geographic
conditions and greater distance compared to the others, has an ideal
driving performance close to constant speeds. It is concluded that
fuel consumption is affected by the type of driving of the vehicle as
well as the geographic conditions present in the DMQ, however, the
percentage of profit of each operator affects citizens who seek to
reduce transportation costs by using public transportation.
Keyword:
fuel consumption, transportation, geography, costs, costs
Cite this:
Reyes, G., Ureña, S., Miranda, S.
(2023). Public transportation in the
DMQ according to geography and
incidence. Espirales. Revista
Multidisciplinaria de investigación
científica, 7 (45), 19-37
Public transportation in the DMQ according to geography and incidence
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 45
March – July 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 29-37
22
Introduction
Excessive traffic and mobility needs have created social, infrastructure, time and
coverage problems due to the value currently provided by the urban transportation
system, which does not meet the expectations of users. Public transportation in
Ecuadorian cities is essential for their development, since it facilitates the movement of
people. Without passenger transportation, urban areas cannot be consolidated; this is
the responsibility of municipal or public institutions. Thanks to bus transportation, the
circulation of other vehicles on the road is positively affected, since a cab can transport
up to five people on the road and occupy an average surface area of 13.5 square meters
per person, while a public bus can transport up to 60 people and occupy a surface area
equivalent to that of two vehicles.
The characteristics of transportation and the services they offer are a problem in modern
cities and have a direct impact on the socioeconomic structure and quality of life of the
inhabitants, with Ecuador being considered a dynamic country in rapid development,
but its physical and demographic growth is uncontrolled, with the result that public
transportation service is affected. (Badoe, 2020, pp. 107-116)..
In order to carry out the study on transportation in the DMQ different types of objectives
were met, the general objective of this study is based on, "Analyze the geographical
variable that influences the final cost of the ticket of the public transport system. As
specific objectives "Define a value of average fuel consumption of transport units" as
well as "Determine the percentage of existing gain / loss in each route made" For this
Resumen
Los elementos del control interno aseguran la eficiencia y eficacia en
las operaciones de intermediación financiera. La investigación se
desarrolló en una cooperativa de ahorro y crédito de la ciudad de
Ambato – Ecuador, controlada por la Superintendencia de Economía
Popular y Solidaria SEPS. Vislumbrando algunos elementos del
control interno - COSO I. Las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito
mediante efectivo reciben depósitos, entregan créditos y emiten
tarjetas de pago. El apalancamiento de progreso institucional, obliga
a la multiplicidad de ofertas y productos financieros no financieros, lo
cual operativamente ocasiona riesgos, ante esto, la gestión del
control interno asegura el cumplimiento normativo y la razonabilidad
en los informes de caja y bóveda. El objetivo del trabajo es diseñar
un Manual de Control Interno para la efectividad de las operaciones
de caja y bóveda. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante el empleo de
métodos empíricos encontrándose riesgos en el manejo del efectivo.
Se implementó un manual de control interno donde señala políticas
y procedimientos destinados al manejo adecuado de caja y bóveda.
También indica el perfil profesional; proceso de selección del talento
humano; actividades operativas y contables del efectivo. Y la
normativa para la custodia del dinero.
Palabras clave:
Control interno, caja, bóveda, cooperativa de ahorro
y crédito, efectivo.
Respecto a la crianza de los niños y niñas, las costumbres han
avanzado significativamente. En la antigüedad se concebía que los
niños y niñas debían ser ignorados y que no empezaban a ser tenidos
en cuenta hasta muy avanzada la niñez; paulatinamente la sociedad
a evolucionado y con ello los acercamientos a una relación
humanizada entre adultos y niños. Cada vez es más constante y a la
vez relevante las acciones que conllevan a disfrutar de la relación
niños-adultos. Propiciando un desarrollo emocional y social
pertinente, no solo en el entorno familiar sino en los espacios
educativos; espacios donde se cimienta pilares culturales y sociales
específicos que contribuyen de forma efectiva a un mejor avance en
el individuo. Los juegos, afianzan los roles y posicionan al individuo
en los aspectos de su personalidad más característicos.
Keyword:
Juegos, tradición, desarrollo, escuela
Wuilian Franklin Nieto Dorado Nancy
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23
3 routes will be identified at Quito level (Travel to Ecuador, 2020), which are able to
demonstrate whether or not this factor called slope will influence the final cost of the
ticket.
In order to elaborate this research, a descriptive methodology was used, through data
collection in the different study routes with their respective characteristics, without
taking into account factors external to the study, with the purpose of analyzing the
scope of the impact of public transportation services in the country.
According to Celi (2018)there is currently a huge shortage of professional drivers, with
many people who have never driven a bus, even if they have a license, and many others
who know how to drive a bus, but do not have a license. The municipality, through its
agencies such as the Secretariat of Mobility, the AMT and the Mobility Management
Center, is absolutely responsible for urban transport in Quito, controlling fares, routes
and companies.
According to Higuera (2019) in the city of Ibarra it is identified that one of the transport
units has a lower fuel consumption in relation to the other transport operators, where
its consumption is 17,518 gallons per day; Determining a specific fuel consumption is
one of the main reasons for study in some of the cities throughout the country, this
being a reference item with respect to the average consumption, being used as an
example of the analysis that will be applied in this research.
As a consequence, it has generated the need to investigate in addition to corroborate
the transportation system, due to that different types of projects have been carried out
that evidence it, such as the scientific article Geography of Transportation made by
Florencia Serrano in the year. (2017), which details the progress of the transportation
system over time, as a necessity of humanity. On the other hand, the research
"Incidence on the mobility of the main factors of a changing metropolitan model that
reflects the changes of mobility over time for the benefit of human beings. (EURE, 2018).
There are legal regulations that facilitate and provide security to the transportation
system, such as the Organic Law of Land Transportation, Transit and Road Safety (Ley
Orgánica de Transporte Terrestre, Tránsito Y Seguridad Vial), (2008) the objective of
which is to organize, plan, regulate, modernize and control land transportation, transit
and road safety, as well as to protect people and goods moving from one place to
another on the road network.
Frequent starts, accelerations and stops in urban cycles lead to high fuel consumption;
in these cases, inertia forces play the most important role. As a result, many studies have
shown that a trailer consumes 50% more fuel in the urban cycle than in the outdoor
cycle, where speeds are more constant. (Grijalva, 2019).
Table 1.
Driving on slopes
Public transportation in the DMQ according to geography and incidence
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Note:
Own elaboration 2022.
However, the study of driving on slopes in this study will be affected by the type of
driving, the elevation grades at which the DMQ is located, the slopes being represented
in percentages, being a way of expressing the relationship between the height we
overcome when ascending the road and the distance we move horizontally. These
operating costs are defined as all the money spent by an organization to convert stock
into output. Included in them, direct labor and all operating and maintenance costs.
(Alvarez & Calle, 2014). In order to determine the tariffs, it is necessary to take into
account the real operating costs of the unit, its maintenance throughout its useful life,
the number of kilometers traveled, the number of users, fuel consumption, etc., in order
to offer a quality service, i.e. comfortable, safe, fast and fair tariffs for both operators
and users, (Villamarín, Padilla, Guerrero, & Llamuca, 2019)..
Table 2.
Operating costs
Type of operating cost
Cost
Service production
Mileage
Days of work
Operating vehicles
Number of service passengers
Number of passengers mobilized
Inputs used for service
production
Labor
Vehicle maintenance and repair
Fuels and lubricants
Note:
Own elaboration based on data from. (Álvarez & Calle, 2014)
However, according to the National Transit Agency of the Republic of Ecuador (Agencia
Nacional de Tránsito de la República del Ecuador) (2021) indicates that, immediately in
Ecuador, the factors that affect urban bus fares are fixed and various variable costs,
defined as follows.
Variable costs are totally subject to the route where the vehicle travels. In this way,
depending on the slopes and the range of the route, the amount of fuel that is spent in
the transit of the route will be shown, and depending on the price at which the fuel is
found, the total investment in fuel will be determined.
The tire wear due to the mileage driven and the driving situation (existing slopes)
reflects how often a tire change should be performed.
Fixed costs are subject to the administrative processes by which the transportation
operators determine their costs such as: labor, legalization, depreciation and
Wuilian Franklin Nieto Dorado Nancy
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 45
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25
administrative expenses such as the use of infrastructure that the operators have and
give daily use, which influence the determination of a rate for the use of transportation
in the DMQ.
Table 3.
Definition of operating costs
Type of cost
Cost
Item
Fixed
Labor
Driver's salary and legal benefits.
Assistant's salary and legal benefits.
Legalization
Vehicle registration.
Operating and Enabling Permits.
Vehicle Technical Inspection.
Tax on filming.
Public Service for the Payment of Traffic
Accidents.
Others determined by competent
authority.
Depreciation
Value of the annual depreciation of the
vehicle, including the residual value.
Administrative expenses
Costs related to the infrastructure to
operate and control a route.
Administrative costs with consortiums.
Others
Other justified expenses that are
determined or required by the bylaws of
the cooperative or transportation
company.
Variable
Fuel
Fuel prices.
Tires
Change or replacement of tires.
Preventive and corrective
maintenance
Apply vehicle maintenance if necessary.
Route (slope, fuel consumption, tire
cost)
Note:
Prepared by the authors based on data from (National Transit Agency, 2021).
Materials and methods
The research method is based on the collection and analysis of data that answer the
research questions and support the hypothesis previously established. This article keeps
a field and experimental design type, specifically quasi-experimental and quantitative.
In this way, the technique to be used will be the practical collection of data necessary
for the final analysis of the passage, it will be possible to expose the incidence that the
geographical context factor has, especially the slope in the final value of the passage.
The dependent and independent variables have been established as follows: the
dependent variable is the driver of the means of transport, the vehicle driving, the
vehicle load and the speed. While as independent variable the route is taken into
consideration, as well as the driving cycle, the altitude and acceleration of the vehicle,
without taking into account external factors such as the price of a barrel of oil, political
factors such as presidential changes, national strikes, etc.
Public transportation in the DMQ according to geography and incidence
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In order to carry out the present study, different materials were used, which were
essential to obtain the correct data to be analyzed and finally to fulfill the research
objectives. (Asaiain & Margall, 2000)..
According to INEN 1668 standards the vehicle used is a two-axle vehicle with a total
length of 10,250 mm long and with a height of 3,800mm high to achieve compliance
with national standards and enter into correct operation. (INEN, 2015).
Table 4.
Study vehicle
Note:
Own elaboration based on data from: (Mavesa, 2022)
The DMQ mobility secretariat specifies that the routes are managed by different
operators, taking into account two different operators for the study to be carried out:
Lujo express águila dorada, which has two lines for the study (Roldós/jardín,
Velasco/ejido), and the second operator, alborada compañía de transportes S.A., with
the terminal Ofelia/seminario mayor route. (Mobility, 2021). The routes used for the
study have different routes through the city, in such a way that it is possible to
differentiate the geography present in the DMQ. These routes clearly define the
geographic differences of the DMQ, being specific with the Ofelia/Marín route that has
a semi-linear route, capable of complying with an ideal driving and establishing
consumption values in order to make a comparison of the condado/congreso and
jardín/Roldós routes that have a higher elevation, as well as a greater amount of positive
and negative slopes.
Table 5.
Study routes
Note:
Own elaboration 2022
Public transportation in the DMQ is in constant use, however this means of
transportation is not the only one in the city, the traffic in the city is one of the factors
Material
Description
Vehicle
Bus (HINO AK8JRSA)
Capacity (60 PASSENGERS)
Horsepower (7684 CC)
Power: 247 HP @2500RPM
Tank capacity (300L)
Description
Specific description
Route
COUNTY - CONGRESS
JARÍIN - ROLDOS
OFELIA - MARIN
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that determine the schedule to be used in this research, the schedule to be used for the
practical part of the research is in the early hours of the morning, from 1AM to 2AM.
This time range is the correct one to determine an ideal driving cycle that allows to
perform the analysis according to the research.
Under the Ecuadorian Technical Standard NTE INEN 2 205:2010 (2010) and Art. 191 of
the Regulation to the Law of Land Transportation, Transit and Road Safety (2016) which
establish speed limits adapted to the vehicle and place of circulation, respectively.
Making use of these regulations because it is attached to the use of urban buses in
Ecuador, and thus govern the work to the rules within the territory where the research
is applied.
It consists of two driving cycles, the first one considered constant, which will be 50 km/h
(driving cycle for public and commercial passenger transport vehicles in urban areas)
and the second one will be between 50 km/h and 90 km/h (driving cycle for public and
commercial passenger transport vehicles in straight areas). While the technical standard
DIN 70030, is a standard that focuses on the vehicle load, the test route, weather
conditions and the test speed being used to determine the fuel consumption in a
complete route, providing information to make a relationship with respect to
consumption and tank volume, entering into comparison of different routes that have
different variables that affect the type of driving and consumption.
The fuel used by the transport to travel each route is Diesel, which is currently priced at
$1.75 per gallon. (Torres, 2022). This type of fuel is used because most of the urban
buses in Ecuador currently use this type of fuel, and it is also the most economical for
the project. Currently, 26,251 buses circulating in the country run on diesel or gasoline.
Of these, 20,444 are 15 years old or less. That is, they are within 20 years of their useful
life. (COMERCIO, 2019).
Table 6.
Studio equipment
Note:
Own
elaboration 2022
Measuring equipment
Specific equipment
Altimeter
Altimeter Offline
Variable
Fuel prices
GPS
Google Maps
Scanner
G-SCAN 2
Speedometer
HINO vehicle
Public transportation in the DMQ according to geography and incidence
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 45
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28
Results
The following table represents the variables that were taken into account for the study
to be carried out, the temperature taken into account at the moment of starting the test,
the length that represents the complete route of the transport route; the time in which
the route was carried out, as well as the density of the fuel (Diesel), in order to know the
fuel consumption in each route.
Table 7.
Route characteristics
Variable
Route #1
Route #2
Route #3
Temperature
9
10
15
Earrings
6
7
3
Length
37 km
28 km
34Km
Weather
5760s
6000s
5160s
Diesel Density
0.832 kg/𝑐𝑚
!
0.832 kg/𝑐𝑚
!
0.832 kg/𝑐𝑚
!
Note: Own elaboration 2022
In the present research will be analyzed based on a qualitative mathematical model,
being described in terms of variables, as initial data is considered the fuel consumption
per hour [g/h], depending on the fuel density [g / h], once obtained the initial data is
important to know that the specific consumption [g / kWh] taken into account as an
important factor to finally determine the actual consumption in liters per hour [l /
h].
𝒄𝒎
𝟑
Once the initial data is obtained, it is important to know that the specific
consumption [g/kWh] will be considered as an important factor to finally determine the
real consumption in liters per hour [l/h]. In order to determine the consumption per
hour, the relationship between the fuel consumed by the density of the fuel used for
the test is used, being directly proportional to the duration of the test. While the specific
consumption will be reflected in the fuel consumption which is directly proportional to
the engine power.
In order to determine the specific consumption values for each route of the study, the
total distance, number of slopes, time of duration of the test and the density of the fuel
in the DMQ (Diesel) are analyzed. With this, the following results will be obtained and
we will proceed with the discussion of each of these values to reach the conclusions of
this study.
Distance and critical points County-Congress
It shows the route that was established to perform the test; that is to say, this image
shows the distance (37km), the critical points traveled when performing the movement
and the number of slopes (6) with an approximate inclination of 35˚, where the fuel
consumption of public transport is analyzed according to the ideal driving cycle.
Wuilian Franklin Nieto Dorado Nancy
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Figure 1.
Distance and critical points Garden-Roldos
It shows the route that was established to perform the test; that is to say, this image
shows the distance (km), the critical points traveled when performing the movement
and the number of slopes (7) with an approximate inclination of 40˚, where the fuel
consumption of public transport is analyzed as a function of the ideal driving cycle.
Figure 2.
Distance and critical points Ofelia-Marín
Public transportation in the DMQ according to geography and incidence
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 45
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30
It shows the route that was established to perform the test; that is to say, this image
shows the distance (km), the critical points traveled when performing the movement
and the number of slopes (3) with an approximate inclination of 20˚, where the fuel
consumption of public transport is analyzed in terms of the ideal driving cycle.
Fuel consumption is directly proportional to the flow of traffic present at the time of
travel. All the movements and fuel consumption tests are in function of the TPS, it can
be seen in the figures that in most of the movements the fuel consumption is directly
proportional to the TPS, independent of the results, performing a single test does not
indicate a conclusive value.
The injection systems aim to achieve a fuel dosage as adjusted as possible to the driving
conditions and engine condition, this test was developed with the intention of obtaining
mass flow data that depends on the speed of the run, the information obtained remains
constant between 519 - 779 [mg/stroke] in an almost linear way during the tests
performed, the engine performance and pollutant emissions depend basically on the
composition of the stoichiometric mixture.
The routes used in each test, as well as the load used reflect a real operation, allow to
determine the analysis of fuel consumption data, since it allowed to observe the
behavior of the vehicle circulating through each movement, the variation between the
different routes is due to the type of driving that occurs in the city, where the circulation
is affected by braking and sudden accelerations, producing a higher fuel consumption
regardless of the distance traveled.
Once the fuel consumption values were obtained from the different tests, an average
consumption was established for each route, determining the amount of fuel required
to complete each of the routes. Fuel consumption varies according to the type of
driving, geographic conditions, since each of these differs in fuel consumption.
It shows the fuel consumption values obtained during the different routes; an average
consumption was established to determine the amount of fuel required to complete
each of the routes, in liters per hour, based on the mathematical model applied
throughout the research.
Once the fuel consumption of the routes within the DMQ has been obtained and
knowing that the current value of diesel in Ecuador is $1.75, the cost of traveling on the
different routes can be established according to the vehicle used in the study.
As a result of this investigation, it can be determined that route #3, despite having a
total distance of 34 km, has a lower consumption than average, since fuel consumption
varies according to geographic conditions and type of driving, obtaining a value of
0.332 L/H, comparing this data with route 1 with a value of 0.398 L/H, far from the
average value, as well as route 2 with a value of 0.445 L/H.
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Conclusions
With the collection and analysis of data obtained at the time of each driving cycle, the
operation of two specific sensors (MAF-TPS) was analyzed, which, working together,
made it possible to analyze the intake air control, keeping it between 519-779
mg/stroke in most of the tests carried out throughout the research, thus determining
the exact amount of fuel required to perform each of the runs, based on an adequate
air-fuel mixture.
Fuel consumption varies according to the route and the way the driver drives, since each
of these differs in its different geographical conditions, duration of the route and load
with which the vehicle travels, being route 3 (Ofelia-Marín) the one that maintains a
lower fuel consumption, with a value of 0.332 L/, being this the route that maintains a
total distance greater than the other routes (34km). Determining that in this route the
ability to maintain more constant speeds and the fact of being the most linear route
compared to the three routes studied, the values obtained in an ideal cycle performed
in the tests of this route place it as the most appropriate route when moving through
the DMQ, However, the percentage of profit that represents the value of the passage
for each transport operator is high, due to the fact that the transport units do not take
into account the load with which the means of transport should circulate; This results in
an agglomeration of people in each unit, which positively affects the profits of each
operator but compromises fuel consumption as well as customer service and in the
future affects the useful life of the vehicles.
..........................................................................................................
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